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AWS Marketplace: Microsoft Windows Server R2
Cloud computing [1] is the on-demand availability of computer system resources , especially data storage cloud storage and computing power , without direct active management by the user. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and typically using a " pay-as-you-go " model which can help in reducing capital expenses but may also lead to unexpected operating expenses for unaware users. Advocates of public and hybrid clouds claim that cloud computing allows companies to avoid or minimize up-front IT infrastructure costs.
Proponents also claim that cloud computing allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and that it enables IT teams to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable demand, [4] [5] [6] providing burst computing capability: high computing power at certain periods of peak demand.
No one had conceived that before. The example Jim White [the designer of Telescript, X. Yet, the "data center" model where users submitted jobs to operators to run on IBM's mainframes was overwhelmingly predominant. In the s, telecommunications companies, who previously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offering virtual private network VPN services with comparable quality of service, but at a lower cost.
By switching traffic as they saw fit to balance server use, they could use overall network bandwidth more effectively. Cloud computing extended this boundary to cover all servers as well as the network infrastructure. The use of the cloud metaphor for virtualized services dates at least to General Magic in , where it was used to describe the universe of "places" that mobile agents in the Telescript environment could go. As described by Andy Hertzfeld :. The use of the cloud metaphor is credited to General Magic communications employee David Hoffman , based on long-standing use in networking and telecom.
In July , Amazon created subsidiary Amazon Web Services , with the goal to "enable developers to build innovative and entrepreneurial applications on their own. The goal was to eliminate the need for some administrative tasks typical of an IaaS model, while creating a platform where users could easily deploy such applications and scale them to demand. By mid, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them" [25] and observed that "organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to computing In , the U.
National Science Foundation began the Cluster Exploratory program to fund academic research using Google - IBM cluster technology to analyze massive amounts of data. The OpenStack project intended to help organizations offering cloud-computing services running on standard hardware. As an open-source offering and along with other open-source solutions such as CloudStack, Ganeti, and OpenNebula, it has attracted attention by several key communities.
Several studies aim at comparing these open source offerings based on a set of criteria. On June 7, , Oracle announced the Oracle Cloud. The goal of cloud computing is to allow users to take benefit from all of these technologies, without the need for deep knowledge about or expertise with each one of them. The cloud aims to cut costs and helps the users focus on their core business instead of being impeded by IT obstacles.
Virtualization software separates a physical computing device into one or more "virtual" devices, each of which can be easily used and managed to perform computing tasks. With operating system—level virtualization essentially creating a scalable system of multiple independent computing devices, idle computing resources can be allocated and used more efficiently. Virtualization provides the agility required to speed up IT operations and reduces cost by increasing infrastructure utilization.
Autonomic computing automates the process through which the user can provision resources on-demand. By minimizing user involvement, automation speeds up the process, reduces labor costs and reduces the possibility of human errors. Cloud computing uses concepts from utility computing to provide metrics for the services used. Cloud computing attempts to address QoS quality of service and reliability problems of other grid computing models.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology 's definition of cloud computing identifies "five essential characteristics":. On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider. Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms e.
Resource pooling. The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand.
Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time. Measured service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service e.
Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. For example, one can provide SaaS implemented on physical machines bare metal , without using underlying PaaS or IaaS layers, and conversely one can run a program on IaaS and access it directly, without wrapping it as SaaS. A hypervisor runs the virtual machines as guests. Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational system can support large numbers of virtual machines and the ability to scale services up and down according to customers' varying requirements.
Linux containers run in isolated partitions of a single Linux kernel running directly on the physical hardware. Linux cgroups and namespaces are the underlying Linux kernel technologies used to isolate, secure and manage the containers. Containerisation offers higher performance than virtualization because there is no hypervisor overhead.
IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as a virtual-machine disk-image library, raw block storage , file or object storage , firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses , virtual local area networks VLANs , and software bundles. The NIST 's definition of cloud computing describes IaaS as "where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components e.
IaaS-cloud providers supply these resources on-demand from their large pools of equipment installed in data centers. For wide-area connectivity, customers can use either the Internet or carrier clouds dedicated virtual private networks. To deploy their applications, cloud users install operating-system images and their application software on the cloud infrastructure.
In this model, the cloud user patches and maintains the operating systems and the application software. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing basis: cost reflects the number of resources allocated and consumed. The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider.
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.
PaaS vendors offer a development environment to application developers. The provider typically develops toolkit and standards for development and channels for distribution and payment. In the PaaS models, cloud providers deliver a computing platform , typically including an operating system, programming-language execution environment, database, and the web server.
Application developers develop and run their software on a cloud platform instead of directly buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. With some PaaS, the underlying computer and storage resources scale automatically to match application demand so that the cloud user does not have to allocate resources manually.
Some integration and data management providers also use specialized applications of PaaS as delivery models for data. The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser e. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.
In the software as a service SaaS model, users gain access to application software and databases. Cloud providers manage the infrastructure and platforms that run the applications. SaaS is sometimes referred to as "on-demand software" and is usually priced on a pay-per-use basis or using a subscription fee.
Cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform where the application runs. This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the cloud user's own computers, which simplifies maintenance and support. Cloud applications differ from other applications in their scalability—which can be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet changing work demand. This process is transparent to the cloud user, who sees only a single access-point.
To accommodate a large number of cloud users, cloud applications can be multitenant , meaning that any machine may serve more than one cloud-user organization. The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user, [79] so prices become scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point. It may also be free.
In addition, with applications hosted centrally, updates can be released without the need for users to install new software. One drawback of SaaS comes with storing the users' data on the cloud provider's server.
As a result, [ citation needed ] there could be unauthorized access to the data. SaaS applications may be integrated with cloud storage or File hosting services , which is the case with Google Docs being integrated with Google Drive and Word Online being integrated with Onedrive. In the mobile "backend" as a service m model, also known as backend as a service BaaS , web app and mobile app developers are provided with a way to link their applications to cloud storage and cloud computing services with application programming interfaces APIs exposed to their applications and custom software development kits SDKs.
Services include user management, push notifications , integration with social networking services [82] and more. This is a relatively recent model in cloud computing, [83] with most BaaS startups dating from or later [84] [85] [86] but trends indicate that these services are gaining significant mainstream traction with enterprise consumers. Serverless computing is a cloud computing code execution model in which the cloud provider fully manages starting and stopping virtual machines as necessary to serve requests, and requests are billed by an abstract measure of the resources required to satisfy the request, rather than per virtual machine, per hour.
Function as a service FaaS is a service-hosted remote procedure call that leverages serverless computing to enable the deployment of individual functions in the cloud that run in response to events. Private cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third party, and hosted either internally or externally.
It can improve business, but every step in the project raises security issues that must be addressed to prevent serious vulnerabilities. Self-run data centers [91] are generally capital intensive. They have a significant physical footprint, requiring allocations of space, hardware, and environmental controls. These assets have to be refreshed periodically, resulting in additional capital expenditures. They have attracted criticism because users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and thus do not benefit from less hands-on management, [92] essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept".
Cloud services are considered "public" when they are delivered over the public Internet, and they may be offered as a paid subscription, or free of charge. Most public-cloud providers offer direct-connection services that allow customers to securely link their legacy data centers to their cloud-resident applications.
Hybrid cloud is a composition of a public cloud and a private environment, such as a private cloud or on-premises resources, [98] [99] that remain distinct entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. It allows one to extend either the capacity or the capability of a cloud service, by aggregation, integration or customization with another cloud service. Varied use cases for hybrid cloud composition exist.
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